Thesis >> Conclusion
- What is the research purpose of the study?
- What were the results of the study?
- Were the results in the study connected with existing concepts and theories?
- What were the limitations of the study?
- What were the implications and recommendations derived from the study?
7.1 Overall Discussion In this thesis, four experiments were conducted to investigate spatial S-R compatibility effects for multimodal multi-task environments. The major findings of each experiment are summarized below. 7.1.1 Experiment 1 The first experiment examined the effect of spatial compatibility on […] No right-left prevalence effect in the spatial compatibility task was observed in this study […] 7.1.2 Experiment 2 Here, the two independent visual tasks in the first experiment were superimposed on a single display […] no right-left prevalence effect for the spatial compatibility task was observed. [….] 7.1.4 Experiment 4 In the previous three experiments, […] Overall, the results showed that there was delay in multi-task processing when […] No right- left prevalence effect for the spatial compatibility task was observed with the use of two fingers of the left hand for responses. 7.2 Spatial S-R Compatibility Effect The concept of spatial S-R compatibility has long been applied for human-machine/computer interface design […] Note however that […] only two fingers were used for responses throughout the experiments here. Using two hands or two feet for responses seems more capable of […] 7.3 Modality Effect According to multiple resource theory […] It is believed that, in the context of mixed-modalities within a task, the modality shifting effect (MSE) might have ensued, consequently leading to extra costs for using the cross-modal presentation. 7.4 Dual-task/Multi-task Processing Multiple resource theory and threaded cognition were the two principal theories […] predict degradation in overall task performance […] and therefore it should try to avoid designing tasks consuming the same pool of resources […] 7.5 Overall Conclusion The results of this study provide important and useful ergonomics design implications and consequent recommendations […] The ergonomics recommendations generated from this study may be summarized as follows: a. Components of visual signals and response devices should be mapped congruently to […] [….] i. The signal modality presentation […] Mixed-modality presentation within a task should be avoided to eliminate/ minimized response conflict and the modality shifting effect. |
| Adapted from: N. H. Tsang, “Multi-task performance in processing four-choice spatial stimulus-response (S-R) mappings: Implications for multimodal human-machine interface design”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Syst. Eng. & Eng. Mgt., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository. |
The action verbs “was studied” and “was compared” indicate that the statements describe the research purposes. The study concerns the effect of H2 addition on LPG IDF and the comparison between H2 addition methods.
Being a general summary statement about the positive influences of H2 content on the performance of LPG IDF, this marks the beginning of the Results move. The last sentence serves as a transitional sentence to introduce the more extended summaries about the results.
This is the first extended summary which concerns the results about the investigation on the fuel mixture properties with the H2 addition.
The opening sentence describes the gist of the results about the stability limits of the open flame.
This is the third extended summary of the results. The effects on the flame length and structure in terms of various parameters after adding H2 are summarised.
The Results move continues to develop by summarising in what ways the H2 addition affects the OH-PHIL distribution.
This extended summary of results reports the changes in the flame temperature and heat flux transfer after adding H2.
The extended summary of results about the flame pollutant emissions concludes the section “Conclusions”.
Being the first sentence in the section “Recommendation for further work”, a generalised finding is presented to pave the way for the Significance move about implications and future works. The statement, which constitutes a Results move itself, signals the prospective transition from the preceding Results moves to other moves.
The phrase “would be useful” in the beginning sentence suggests that the statement describes the applicability of the results and findings. Along the same lines, the phrase “would be meaningful” is used for describing the possible use of the velocity profile. Both phrases are hedges which exhibit possibilities rather than certainties.
This paragraph describes three limitations in the study which are the constraints induced by the structure of the IDF, the lack of investigation in other indicative species in the IDF, and the inadequate results of CH-PLIF. These limitations are tactfully presented in the sense that they are transformed into future research opportunities, hence a mixture of the moves Limitations and Significance in the form of suggestions for future research.
This final paragraph in the main text of the thesis presents the significance in the form of noteworthy implications from the study. An implication from the extract is “noteworthy soot emissions”.
The final chapter in the main text of a thesis is the Conclusion which recapitulates the major results and findings in the study so as to remind readers of the study’s significance and contributions, attempting to leave a lasting impression on the readers. Much effort is needed in writing so as to produce a conclusion that gives a fair as well as concise account of the study. Limitations may need to be attended to while proclaiming the fruitful results of the study.
The main purposes of the Conclusion in a thesis include
- reminding readers of the essence of the study by restating the research purpose and summarising the major results and findings;
- conveying the validity and generalisability of the study accurately by acknowledging the limitations in the study;
- affirming the efforts made to reduce the identified research gap(s) by articulating the significance of the study in terms of its implications and contribution;
- affirming the value of the study by explaining its significance in terms of possible applications of the methods in other scenarios or areas and future research directions.
The Conclusion in a thesis shows how the author attempts to achieve the research purpose by highlighting the most important results and findings that are derived from the new or improved research design. The significance of the study as well as suggestions for future research are explicitly stated in the Conclusion, affirming the value of the study and leaving the readers with a good impression of the thesis. Limitations of the study and efforts made to minimise them are also explained and justified, which offers a fair account of the study to the readers. All this shows the author’s ability to conduct scientific research and the scholarship of the study.
The Conclusion, which summarises and brings an end to the thesis, should be written in a concise and precise manner. The lengths and organisation of conclusions depend on the discipline. To obtain specific guidance and reference, students are recommended to consult with their supervisors and read the conclusions written in submitted theses from the same discipline. Guidelines from both the respective department and the university should be followed.
Some examples of variations on the chapter title include “Conclusion”, “Conclusions”, “Conclusion and further work”, “Conclusions and future work”, “Conclusions and recommendations”.
Activity 1
Which of the following items are the main purposes of the Conclusion in a thesis? Click on the box next to a correct purpose to add a tick.
| Your answers | Correct answers | |
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| A. To provide a summary of the thesis so as to remind the readers of the efforts made to address the identified research gap. | ||
| B. To convince readers that all constraints in the study were eliminated. | ||
| C. To help examiners or readers form expectations of the contents in the thesis. | ||
| D. To state in what ways future research may build upon the work in the thesis. | ||
| E. To acknowledge the support and contributions of various parties during the course of the research study. | ||
| F. To further convince the examiners that the author has the ability to conduct quality research and write good language in the academic style. |
Option B is incorrect because by the nature of scientific studies, every study has constraints that cannot be completely addressed. Major constraints, which cannot be eliminated and affect the results to a certain extent, should be acknowledged and justified.
Option C is incorrect because the Conclusion aims to remind readers of the contents in thesis by summarising the major points.
Option E is incorrect because acknowledgements should be presented in a separate section in the thesis.
The Conclusion in a thesis consists of four possible moves, which are, in their typical order,
- Research Purpose;
- Results;
- Limitations; and,
- Significance.
Each move may be identified from a sentence, several sentences, a paragraph, or several paragraphs, depending on the focus of the Conclusion. The moves, Results and Significance, may appear in a cyclical manner which follows the organisation of the thesis as well as reflects the research design. In the light of the varying foci of conclusions in different theses, the structure of the Conclusion can be versatile in the sense that the lengths and numbers of appearance of different moves in the conclusions in different theses may vary even in the same discipline.
Despite the versatile structure of the Conclusion, the four possible moves are seen as essential to fulfil the purposes of the Conclusion. The four potential moves in their typical order in the Conclusion and specific questions are shown as follows.
MOVE 1 Research Purpose
Question: What is the purpose of the research?
The Conclusion can start by restating the research purpose, which helps remind readers of the scope of the study before highlighting what was achieved in the study. The research gap, which refers to the specific problem or question identified for investigation in the study, may also be included in the Research Purpose move.
MOVE 2 Results
Question: What were the major Results?
The Conclusion can begin with a statement of major results, presenting the essence of the research work. The initial statement may sometimes be followed by a statement which compares results from the study with those from previous works, highlighting the significance and success of the study.
MOVE 3 Limitations
Question: What were the limitations?
After proclaiming the achievements of the study in Results, limitations that affect the generalisability of results and findings are often presented. This would give an impression of a fair conclusion and pave the way for calling for further research in the field.
MOVE 4 Significance
Question: What were the conclusions?
The Significance of a study usually contains positive notes that reiterate the study’s contribution and implications or give suggestions for future research based on the study’s findings or limitations.
EXAMPLE – MOVES IN A CONCLUSION
The following is the Conclusion from a thesis in the field of Mechanical Engineering broken down into sections. The sections in their original sequential order align with the organisation of the whole thesis. An ellipse ,[…], in the extract indicates that some words are left out of the original text. Click on the section numbers (e.g. 1.) and the icons NOTE to see the moves and explanatory notes respectively.
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7.5 Conclusions |
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Effect of H2 addition on combustion characteristics of LPG IDF was studied using experimental methods […] Several H2 addition methods were compared, and a main method was used in most parts of this study. NOTE 1 |
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H2 content has positive influences on performance of LPG IDF[…] More detailed conclusions drawn from this study are shown as follows: NOTE 2 |
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9.1.1 Fuel mixture properties NOTE 3 |
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9.1.2 Open flame stability NOTE 4 |
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9.1.3 Flame length and structure NOTE 5 |
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9.1.4 OH-PLIF distribution NOTE 6 |
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9.1.5 Flame temperature and heat flux transfer NOTE 7 |
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9.1.6 Flame pollutant emissions NOTE 8 |
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| Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, thermal and emission characteristics of gas-fired inverse diffusion flames burning mixed hydrogen fuel”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | |
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7.5 Recommendation for further work |
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It can be found that most of the combustion characteristics are dominated by […] NOTE 9 |
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Data of flame velocity profile would be useful in […] Also, the velocity profile would be meaningful in studying the effect of high diffusivity of H2on the flame NOTE 10 |
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Due to the special structure, IDF possesses features of both premixed flame and normal diffusion flame. It is necessary to study the interactions between air and fuel inside IDF […] Although OH-PLIF provides valuable information […], it is necessary to test some other indicative species in IDF […] In addition, the result of CH-PLIF can be even more meaningful for LPG IDF with H2addition […] NOTE 11 |
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Despite the intermediate species, the soot emissions of LPG-H2 IDF are also of interest […] Although the gaseous emission result of LPG IDF shows […] indicating noteworthy soot NOTE 12 |
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| Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, thermal and emission characteristics of gas-fired inverse diffusion flames burning mixed hydrogen fuel”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | |
EXAMPLE – CONNECTIONS between CONCLUSION and OTHER CHAPTERS
The following is the table of contents of the Conclusion from a thesis in the field of Mechanical Engineering, providing an overview of the organisation of the Conclusion. The Conclusion exemplifies a microcosm of other chapters in the thesis, which means that the Conclusion is organised in a way that matches the sequence of the other chapters in the thesis.
The example below shows not only the obvious repeated key words, but also the carefully-crafted connections between the Conclusion and other chapters. Key words in the sections in the concluding chapter and the corresponding key words in the matching chapters are highlighted in different colours.
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Concluding Chapter |
Other Chapters |
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CHAPTER 9. |
n./a. |
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9.1.1 Fuel mixture properties |
CHAPTER 4. EFFECT OF H2 ON LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY AND MARKSTEIN LENGTH OF FUELS MIXTURE |
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79 |
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4.1. INTRODUCTION |
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79 |
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4.2. FLAME PROPAGATION ANALYSIS |
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80 |
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4.3. LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY |
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89 |
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4.4. MARKSTEIN LENGTH AND FLAME STABILITY |
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97 |
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4.5. FLAME THICKNESS AND DENSITY RATIO |
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101 |
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4.6. SUMMARY |
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105 |
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9.1.2 Open flame stability 9.1.3 Flame length and structure |
CHAPTER 5. EFFECT OF H2 ON OPEN FLAME STABILITY AND STRUCTURE OF LPG IDF |
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107 |
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5.1. INTRODUCTION |
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107 |
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5.2. FLAME STABILITY |
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108 |
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5.2.1 Open flame stable range of pure LPG IDF |
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108 |
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5.2.2 Open flame stable range of LPG-H2 IDF |
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112 |
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5.2.3 Effect of H2 percentages |
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113 |
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5.2.4 Effect of Reair |
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122 |
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5.3. FLAME STRUCTURE |
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127 |
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5.3.1 From normal diffusion flame to inverse diffusion flame |
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127 |
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5.3.2 Effect of H2% |
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129 |
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5.3.3 Effect of overall equivalence ratio |
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131 |
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5.3.4 Effect of Reair |
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133 |
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5.4. FLAME LENGTH |
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134 |
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5.4.1 Direct luminous flame length |
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135 |
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5.4.2 Flame length correlated with GMR |
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138 |
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5.5. SUMMARY |
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140 |
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9.1.4 OH-PLIF distribution |
CHAPTER 6. EFFECT OF H2 ON IN-FLAME OH-PLIF DISTRIBUTION |
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143 |
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6.1. INTRODUCTION |
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143 |
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6.2. EFFECT OF H2 |
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143 |
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6.3. EFFECT OF OVERALL EQUIVALENCE RATIO |
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148 |
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6.4. EFFECT OF REAIR |
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154 |
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6.5. PURE H2 IDF UNDER VARIOUS REAIR AND OVERALL EQUIVALENCE RATIO |
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156 |
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6.6. EFFECT OF O2 ENHANCEMENT (N2 REDUCTION) |
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161 |
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6.7. EFFECT OF FUEL NOZZLES NUMBERS |
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164 |
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6.8. SUMMARY |
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168 |
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9.1.5 Flame temperature and heat flux transfer |
CHAPTER 7. EFFECT OF H2 ON FLAME TEMPERATURE AND FLAME IMPINGING HEAT TRANSFER |
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170 |
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7.1. INTRODUCTION |
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170 |
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7.2. FLAME TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION |
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171 |
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7.3. FLAME IMPINGING CENTERLINE HEAT FLUX DISTRIBUTION |
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176 |
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7.3.1 Effect of H2 |
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177 |
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7.3.2 Effect of overall equivalence ratio |
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183 |
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7.3.3 Effect of Reair |
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186 |
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7.4. FLAME IMPINGING HEAT FLUX DISTRIBUTION IN RADIAL DIRECTION |
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188 |
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7.5. SUMMARY |
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191 |
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9.1.6 Flame pollutant emissions |
CHAPTER 8. EFFECT OF H2 ON CO2/CO/HC EMISSIONS OF LPG-H2 IDFS |
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192 |
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8.1. INTRODUCTION |
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192 |
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8.2. EFFECT OF OVERALL EQUIVALENCE RATIO |
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193 |
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8.3. EFFECT OF H2% |
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198 |
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8.4. EFFECT OF REAIR WITH FIXED OVERALL EQUIVALENCE RATIO OF 0. 5 |
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205 |
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8.5. EFFECT OF REAIR WITH FIXED FUEL FLOW RATE |
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208 |
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8.6. EFFECT OF H2 ADDING METHODS |
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212 |
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8.7. SUMMARY |
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216 |
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9.2 RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER WORK |
n. /a. |
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| Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, thermal and emission characteristics of gas-fired inverse diffusion flames burning mixed hydrogen fuel”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng. , POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | |||
Activity 1>> 2>> 3
The following is the Conclusion in a Thesis in the field of Electronic Engineering. The Conclusion is divided into Part I and Part II. Given the moves in the correct order, select and drag each of the following jumbled extracts to the right column next to the correct move. Ellipses “[…]” and “[….]” in the extracts indicate that some words or paragraphs are left out of the original text.
Part I of the Conclusion
Select and drag each of the two jumbled extracts to the right column next to the correct move.
| Moves | Extracts |
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Extract B
The work in this thesis provides a step towards filling that void at both the theoretical and practical levels.
Extract A
From the theoretical viewpoint, the unified analytical framework proposed for homogeneous IEEE 802.11 DCF networks is the first generalized to the heterogeneous case with both unsaturated and saturated groups of nodes […]
From the practical aspect, the work in this thesis provides direct guidance for network design of IEEE 802.11 WLANs […]
To conclude, the main contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
[….]
Modeling, differentiation, optimization and quality-of-service guarantee”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Electron. Eng., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository.
Answers to Part I of the Conclusion
Click on the moves to see the explanatory notes.
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Extracts |
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Extract B |
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Extract A |
Part II of the Conclusion
Select and drag each of the six jumbled extracts to the right column next to the correct move.
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Extract E
Last but not least, the methodology adopted in this thesis is not limited to WiFi networks, and can be applied to a general CSMA-based system. […] Therefore, another topic of great interest would be how to extend our modeling, performance evaluation and optimization tools to other random-access networks.
Extract F
Therefore, the next step is to extend the analysis to consider distinct traffic scenarios such as partially-saturated networks, where non-real-time flows are saturated and real-time flows are unsaturated. […]
Extract C
The work in this thesis only provides a starting point. In the future, from the theoretical perspective, it would be important to further extend our analytical model to incorporate more realistic assumptions.
Extract D
Consequently, another interesting future topic is to extend the analysis to include additional QoS metrics […]
[….]
Extract A
Moreover, the discussion of QoS guarantee issue in this thesis only focuses on the aggregate throughput of non-real-time flows and the mean access delay of real-time flows. […]
Extract B
Specifically, the analysis of throughput optimization of non-real-time flows and delay guarantee of real-time flows in Chapter 4 of this thesis is limited to the fully-saturated scenario […] For real-time nodes, however, they can be saturated or unsaturated.
Answers to Part II of the Conclusion
Click HERE to see the explanatory note. Keywords in the extracts are also highlighted.
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Extract C |
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Extract B |
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Extract F |
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Extract A |
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Extract D |
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Extract E |
Below is the Conclusion of a thesis in the field of Electronic and Information Engineering. The Conclusion is broken into extracts with ellipses “[…]” indicating that some words are left out of the original text. Select and drag the moves to the right column next to the correct extracts.
Results Limitations Significance – Contributions Research Purpose Significance – Further Research |
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| Extracts of the Conclusion | Moves |
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11.1 Conclusions |
Research Purpose |
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For predicting single-location proteins […] GOASVM still remarkably outperformed FusionSVM. Experimental results also show the superiority of GOASVM over other state-of-the-art single-label predictors. […] |
Results |
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11.2 Contributions and Limitations |
Significance – Contributions |
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Despite the various contributions we made in this thesis, there are still some limitations that are worth noting, which are elaborated below. |
Limitations |
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11.3 Future Work |
Significance – Further Research |
| Adapted from S. Wan, “Protein subcellular localization: Gene ontology based machine learning approaches”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Electron. Inform. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | |
Read the following extract about experiments from the Conclusion of a thesis in the field of Computer Science. An ellipse “[…]” in the extract indicates that some words are left out of the original text. Examine how the structure of the extract aligns with the organisation of the thesis by identifying phrases that correspond to the chapter headings.
Click on the corresponding colour of a chapter on the colour palette in the right column and highlight corresponding words or phrases in the left and right columns. The first is done as an example.
- Ch. 2
- Ch. 3
- Ch. 4
- Ch. 5
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Understanding Language Features with an Example
The following is the Conclusion extract from a thesis in the field of Civil and Environmental Engineering and its language features including
- complex phrasal and sentence structures;
- linking devices;
- useful expressions and word choice; and
- hedges and boosters
are highlighted with explanatory notes. Click on numbers (e.g. [1]) in the extract to see explanatory notes. The ellipse ,[….], in the extract indicates that some paragraphs are left out of the original text.
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In this thesis, an environmentally friendly AOT process of US/UV, which was effective without external additive, was set up and investigated in depth by examining the degradation performance of different EDCs, including DMP, DBP, ATZ, and NP [1]. Results showed that the US/UV process could efficiently realize the degradation of different types of organic compounds [2]. Although the results were based on lab-scale experiments, real wastewater was involved as the water matrix to reveal the influence [3]. It is believed that the results obtained in this study may help to predict and explain the practical issues under specific conditions, so as to assist the development and/or optimization of the pilot-scale and full-scale US/UV system [4]. |
| Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, thermal and emission characteristics of gas-fired inverse diffusion flames burning mixed hydrogen fuel”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. |
Summary Table of Language Features
| Word Choice | |
| What action verbs can be used for reporting a research purpose? | Examples analyse evaluate examine investigate scrutinise |
| What action verbs can be used for reporting results? | Examples demonstrate exhibit find indicate reveal |
| Verb Tense | |
| What tense should be used for reporting procedures and experiments performed in the past? | Past tense |
| What tense should be used for reporting findings which have become scientific facts? | Present tense |
| Active/ Passive Voice | |
| Should the active or passive voice be used for emphasising the object instead of the doer? | Passive voice |
| Linking Devices | |
| What words or phrases can be used for indicating causal relationships? | Examples (causes) because due to in the light of on the grounds owing to Examples (consequences) as a result consequently hence therefore thus |
| What words or phrases can be used for expressing surprise or introducing opposite views? | Examples despite [noun] however in spite of [noun] nevertheless nonetheless |
| What words or phrases can be used for adding a point? | Examples additionally also furthermore in addition moreover |
| How can a claim be weakened? | Examples of Hedges in general in most cases mainly modal verbs such as ‘could’ and ‘might’ |
| How can a claim be strengthened? | Examples of Boosters certainly clearly definitely well undoubtedly |
Activity 1>> 2>> 3>> 4
The following is an extract from the Conclusion of a thesis in the field of Computer Science. Boosting and hedging are means to adjust the degree of certainty of a claim or a statement. Compare the sentences below, which are shown in the order of descending certainty. Among the sentences, Sentence A shows the largest degree of certainty while Sentence C shows the least. In other words, the booster “certainly” strengthens Sentence A while the hedge “may” weakens Sentence C.
- Visual aids certainly help students remember the concepts. (boosted statement)
- Visual aids help students remember the concepts. (original statement)
- Visual aids may help students remember the concepts. (hedged statement)
Categorise the words shown in bold as BOOSTERS for strengthening claims or HEDGES for weakening claims by selecting and dragging words below the extract to appropriate boxes.
| We believe that there are many other interesting properties of our algebraic condition, which should lead to more efficient geometric algorithms for dealing with ellipsoids (or the other quadrics) and affine deformations. Further applications of the computational tools reported in this thesis should therefore be investigated. The quadrics is the class of degree two implicit surfaces. It would also be interesting to check the applicability of our approach to the other more general implicit surfaces. |
| Adapted from: Y. K. Choi, “Collision detection for ellipsoids and other quadrics,” Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Comput. Sci., HKU, Hong Kong, 2008. [Online]. Available: The HKU Scholars Hub. |
believe many other interesting should lead to more efficient should be investigated would be interesting |
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Click on the words “BOOSTERS” and “HEDGES” in the headings to see explanatory notes.
| BOOSTERS for strengthening claims | HEDGES for weakening claims |
| many other interesting more efficient |
believe should lead to should be investigated would be interesting |
| ***Caveat*** Emotional words such as “fortunately”, “regrettably”, “excitedly”, “overwhelmingly”, and so forth should be avoided. |
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The following is an extract from the Conclusion of a thesis in the field of Electrical Engineering. An ellipse ,[….], in the extract indicates that some paragraphs are left out of the original text. Distinguish words or phrases in bold by selecting and dragging an appropriate functional category to a number. Each of the five functional categories can be used repeatedly.
linking – addition linking – cause linking – consequence linking – example hedging |
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Click on the numbers (e.g. (1)) to see explanatory notes.
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The following extract is from the Conclusion of a thesis in the field of Civil and Architectural Engineering. Choose the correct answer from the pull-down menu for each blank by clicking a number and selecting an appropriate option in the pull-down menu.
Click on the correct answers in red to see explanatory notes.
| In this thesis, the behavior of concrete columns under unidirectional FRP confinement was extensively studied through a systematic and extensive investigation. First and foremost, a compression test was conducted on 48 circular concrete columns, including 39 columns confined by CFRP sheets and nine controlling columns. Additionally, the material properties of three different CFRP laminates were investigated through flat coupon tests and microscopic observation of fibers. Based on the test data, the effective confinement strain from FRP jackets was under extensive discussion. Including other test data collected from the literature, the database was built to calibrate three key material parameters in the DP plasticity constitutive model for FRP-confined concrete columns. The theoretical study followed by deriving the explicit expressions for the model parameters. The major conclusions are summarized in this chapter. Last but not least, the outlook for the further work is highlighted. |
| Adapted from J. Jiang, “Plasticity Modeling and Experimental Study of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)-Confined Concrete Columns”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Civil & Archit. Eng., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2012. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository. |
The table below contains questions about
- word choice;
- verb tense;
- active/passive voice;
- linking devices; and,
- hedges and boosters.
Read the guided questions and fill in the blanks by dragging the correct choices in the third column to the blanks. An ellipse “[…]” in the sentence indicates that some words are left out of the original text.
| Guided Question | Question | Choice | |
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| 1 | What action verbs can be used for reporting a research purpose? | In this thesis, four experiments to investigate spatial S-R compatibility effects for multimodal multi-task environments. | a) were conceived b) were conducted c) were derived d) were extrapolated |
| 2 | What action verbs can be used for reporting results? | No right-left prevalence effect in the spatial compatibility task in this study. | a) was contemplated b) was designated c) was observed d) was proposed |
| 3 | What tense should be used for reporting findings under a specific experimental condition? | In the UV-related process, higher UV light intensity beneficial for both the photolytic and sonophotolytic degradation performance. | a) is b) has been c) was d) had been |
| 4 | What tense should be used for reporting findings which have become scientific facts? | H2 content positive influences on performance of LPG IDF. | a) has b) has had c) had d) had had |
| 5 | Should the active or passive voice be used for emphasising the object instead of the doer? |
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a) Sentence A b) Sentence B |
| 6 | What words or phrases can be used for indicating causal relationships? | the sophisticated network scenarios including varying traffic conditions, differentiated backoff parameters and diverse QoS requirements, modeling and performance analyses […] have become overly complicated […] | a) Due to b) In addition to c) In spite of d) Notwithstanding |
| 7 | What words or phrases can be used for expressing surprise or introducing opposite views? | For real-time nodes, , they can be saturated or unsaturated. | a) additionally b) consequently c) however d) therefore |
| 8 | What words or phrases can be used for adding a point? | , the discussion of QoS guarantee issue in this thesis only focuses on the aggregate throughput of non-real-time flows […] | a) By the same token b) In other words c) Moreover d) Nonetheless |
| 9 | How can a claim be weakened? | Mixed-modality presentation within a task to eliminate […] the modality shifting effect. | a) is avoided b) must be avoided c) should be avoided d) will be avoided |
| 10 | How can a claim be strengthened? | [O]ur method can reduce the number of transmissions . | a) generally b) in most cases c) significantly d) to a certain extent |
| Adapted from | |||
| [1] [2] [9] | N. H. Tsang, “Multi-task performance in processing four-choice spatial stimulus-response (S-R) mappings: Implications for multimodal human-machine interface design”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Syst. Eng. & Eng. Mgt., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository. | ||
| [3] | L. Xu, “Degradation of refractory contaminants in water by chemical-free radicals generated by ultrasound and UV irradiation”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Civil & Environ. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | ||
| [4] [5] | J. Miao, “Combustion, thermal and emission characteristics of gas-fired inverse diffusion flames burning mixed hydrogen fuel”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015. [Online]. Available: PolyU Electronic Theses. | ||
| [6] [7] [8] | Y. Gao, “From heterogeneous IEEE 802.11 DCF networks to IEEE 802.11e EDCA networks: Modeling, differentiation, optimization and quality-of-service guarantee”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Electron. Eng., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository. | ||
| [10] | R. Xie, “Algorithm optimization in wireless sensor networks and data center networks”, Ph. D. dissertation, Dept. Comput. Sci., CITYU, Hong Kong, 2014. [Online]. Available: CityU Institutional Repository. | ||
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