Results

Confirmation Reports >> Results

The Preliminary Results and Analysis in a Confirmation Report should demonstrate not only satisfactory progress towards completing the PhD, but also the significance or originality of the contribution of the study to the field of research. The author should accurately present and synthesise the key preliminary results recorded from observations or measurements taken while following the procedures described in the Methods. More importantly, the author needs to display understanding of these results in relation to the research questions and show that they are achievable by following the methods described and within the given timeframe of the doctoral research.

This chapter may appear under different titles depending on the sub-discipline and content of the Confirmation Report. Examples include:

Results and Analysis (Electronic and Information Engineering)
Preliminary Results and Discussion (Computer Science)
Simulation Results (Electrical Engineering)
Experimental Results (Mechanical Engineering)
Recent Research Performance (Electronic Engineering)
Possible Outcome (Systems Engineering and Engineering Management)

Pre-Reading Activity

Read the extract from a Confirmation Report and use the colour palette below to paint the sentences which answer the following questions.

Questions

What was the purpose of the experiment?
What variable of the procedure was applied in this experiment?
Where can the key results be seen?
What are the key results?
What are the author’s initial observations and action taken?

Answer Key-Click on the numbers to see a brief explanation

5 Experimental Results

(1) In this section the proposed fast image interpolation via random forest (FIRF) method is assessed using twelve commonly used test images. (…) To comprehensively evaluate the proposed FIRF method, the experimental results for choosing optimal λ value for the proposed constraint, are given.

5.1 Constraint on Splits

(2) In Section III, we controlled the relative size of two child nodes by varying the λ value, as stated in Eq. (11). The *PSNR (db) of FIRF (3.1) image interpolation results with respect to different λ values are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 7. We found that when λ =0 (no constraint is applied) the average PSNR is the lowest. By increasing λ, the average PSNR grew and tended to be saturated after λ ˃ 0.4 achieving 0.2db improvement better than that for λ =0. However, a large λ value gives a tight constraint which requires longer training time. To balance the training effectiveness and the training time, we chose λ = 0.7 in our experimental work as follows.

*PSNR – peak signal-to-noise ratio Adapted from: J. J. Huang, “On Object Recognition and Quality Inspection for Video Surveillance Systems”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong.

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The main purpose of the Preliminary Results and Analysis is to demonstrate sufficient progress towards completing the doctoral research and the likely end results. Even though the research may be at an early stage, the author should show how the methodology can yield results that will answer the research questions and contribute to the field of study. This chapter provides the evidence for the Significance and Implications and also informs what further work needs to be conducted to complete the PhD research.

The Preliminary Results and Analysis may include the following items.

Connection of the results to the overall aim of the study.
Reference to methods or data analysis procedures followed to obtain results.
Preliminary results and/or expected results if none are available.
Writer’s comments and observations on the results.
Comparisons with other studies to place the results in the field.

Below are some questions to help decide what to include in the Preliminary Results and Analysis.

What were your expectations before you started your research?
How were the results obtained?
What are the most significant findings so far?
Have your preliminary results validated your expectations or hypothesis you wish to prove?
What results do you expect to obtain in your future work?

Using Figure and Tables

Tables and figures are used to report data that are too numerous or complicated to be clearly described in the text and to display trends or patterns in the data. It is important to design graphs, tables or other visuals which present essential findings in a way that is understandable. However, the author should avoid including too many figures with little text to connect and explain them. Figures are only part of the development of the chapter and should be effectively described and explained.

Since visuals are not always fully self-evident, the author needs to integrate them into the report by using clear headings (which appear above tables and below figures) and captions.

When deciding what kind of visual to use, the writer can consider the following points in the table below.

Figures (eg. graphs)	Tables
Trends and shape of data Comparison of small amount of data aspects or variables Presentation of a visual interpretation of data Emphasis on relationships between data	Individual data values Record of raw data and exact numerical values Comparison of larger range of different data sets Presentation of large amount of data Presentation of quantitative data which needs interpreting Presentation of data to support calculations

There are usually three parts to a description of a visual.

A phrase to locate the results.
A summary of what is shown.
A statement to highlight or comment on key trends, patterns, or results shown.

Below is an example of the description of a visual in a Confirmation Report. Click on the highlighted parts to see a brief explanation.

In this study, the formation of H2O2 during sonication was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively both in pure water and 0.05 mM DMP solution, and the results are presented in Fig. 4. The results showed that the concentration of H2O2 increased linearly with sonication time, and that the concentration increase in the 0.05 mM DMP solution was less than that in pure water, owing to the higher consumption of hydroxyl radicals (the main precursor in forming H2O2) by DMP and its intermediates.

It can be observed from Figs. 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 that the height of flame lengthens steadily when F when Re is fixed. No obvious height changes were observed in the flame base

Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, Thermal and Emission Characteristics of Gas-fired Inverse Diffusion Flames Burning mixed LPG-Hydrogen Fuel”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015.

Following the first reference to a figure, the writer may refer to the same figure in brackets after any statements that describe it. Below is an example from the same Confirmation Report.

However, it should be noted that the concentration of H2O2 is replenished continuously in the US/UV process (Fig. 4) rather than one-off feed.

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Activity 2

Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results and Analysis from an Electronic and Information Engineering Confirmation Report.
Select the label that describes the purpose of each part of the extract by clicking on the options in the left hand column.
To save space, each option is shortened and the full version is shown in the box below.

Example	Purpose	Correct Answer
5.2 Performance of *GOA SVM Method 5.2.1 Performance of Different *GO Vector Construction Methods and Normalization Methods	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Heading and sub-heading to denote area of study
Table 5.4 shows the performance of the four GO vectors construction methods without post-processing based on five-fold cross validation using Chou’s training data set.	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Reference to table which shows key results
The results show that term-frequency (TF) performs almost 2% better than the other three methods, which demonstrates that the frequencies of occurrences of GO terms could also provide information for subcellular locations.	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Overview of key results with comments on the results
The results are also biologically relevant because proteins of the same subcellular localization are expected to have a similar number of occurrences of the same GO term. In this regard, the 1-0 value approach is inferior because it quantizes the number of occurrences of a GO term to 1. The results also suggest that inverse sequence frequency (ISF) is detrimental to classification performance, despite its proven effectiveness in the field of document retrieval.	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Additional comment on results with comparison of different approaches
This is very likely because ISF could only take effect when at least most of the sequences have some identical GO terms but actually the occurrences of GO terms in proteins are not so frequent.	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Writer’s initial explanation of results from ISF approach
Table 5.5 shows the performance of applying these post-processing methods to the GO vectors constructed by four different methods. The results demonstrate that applying the post-processing can improve performance except for the TF-constructed GO vectors.	Additional comment Initial explanation Reference to table with comments Heading and sub-heading Reference to table with key results Overview of key results Check	Reference to table with comments on what the results mean

*GOA- gene ontology annotation, SVM support vector machine, GO- gene ontology
Adapted from: S. Wan, “Protein Subcellular Localization Protein Based on Gene Ontology and SVM”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2011.

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Below are extracts from the Preliminary Results and Analysis of a Mechanical Engineering Confirmation Report that refer to results shown in figures.

Use the colour palette to highlight the phrases that correspond to the key elements in each example.

A phrase to locate the results
A summary of what is shown
A statement to highlight or comment on key trends, patterns, or results shown.

It can be observed from Figs. 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 that the height of flame lengthened steadily when Φ when *Re is fixed. No obvious height changes were observed in the flame base.

Figure 4-1 shows the LPG IDF stability range regarding Re and fuel flow velocity. The lower limit of fuel jet velocity exponentially ascended with Re and the flow velocity grew steeply when Re was larger than 5000. Since the airflow rate was used in this study for Re calculation, the result can be translated as the relationship between air jet velocity and lower limit of flue jet velocity

Figure 4-2 reveals that similar with jet velocity, the lower limit of the equivalent ratio also climbed with Re. Stable flame can be achieved under fuel lean condition when Re is from 500~7000. Even when Re was as large as 7000, flame can be stable with Φ =0.41.

*IDF- Inverse Diffusion Flame, Re- Reynolds
Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, Thermal and Emission Characteristics of Gas-fired Inverse Diffusion Flames Burning mixed LPG-Hydrogen Fuel”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015.

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Chapter Level Organisation

The Preliminary Results and Analysis should be organized in a clear and logical way so that the reader can understand the experimental data and evidence presented. This chapter is often organised around tables and graphs which attract the reader’s attention to the most significant trends and observations.

The Preliminary Results and Analysis chapter varies in length and complexity. It may appear as a short single chapter, but often has a number of sub-sections to describe specific areas of study. The author should only include the most significant results that represent the progress made so far.

Example 1

Below is an extract from the Table of Contents of Electronic and Information Engineering Confirmation Report that shows how the chapter is organized with headings and subheadings.

Table of Contents	Area of study
5 Results and Analysis
5.1 Performance of Fusion of InterProGOSVM and PairProSVM	5.1 Main sub-heading to denote area of study (first method)
5.1.1 Performance of PairProSVM	5.1.1 Performance analysis of one aspect of the method
5.1.2 Performance of InterProGOSVM	5.1.2 Performance analysis of second aspect of the method
5.1.3 Performance of Fusion Predictor	5.1.3 Performance analysis of fusing InterProGOSVM and PairProSVM
5.1.4 Correlation Between the Weighting Factor and Fusion Performance	5.1.4 Evaluation of fusion method to support author’s approach

5.2 Performance of GOASVM Method	5.2 Main sub-heading to denote area of study (second method)
5.2.1 Performance of Different GO Vector Construction Methods	5.2.1 Performance analysis of one aspect of the method
5.2.2 Performance of GOASVM Using Old GOA Database	5.2.2 Evaluation of GOASVM by comparing performance with an earlier version to validate author’s suggested method
Adapted from: S. Wan, “Protein Subcellular Localization Protein Based on Gene Ontology and SVM”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2011.

The Preliminary Results and Analysis chapter may be organized around the following elements:

Introductory paragraph to give an overview of the results which will presented in the chapter and indicate possible sub-sections.
Sub-headings to establish content and focus of a specific aspect of the study.
Sub-sections to present results obtained in specific areas of the study.
Concluding Paragraph to recall the key results obtained.

Example 2

Below is an extract from the same Electronic and Information Engineering Confirmation Report that shows an example of the introductory paragraph in a Preliminary Results and Analysis chapter and the key sub-sections.

Move the mouse over the numbers in brackets to read a brief explanation of each item.

5 Results and Analysis

(1) This chapter details the performance and analysis of the two proposed methods mentioned in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, including the fusion of the functional-domain based method (InterProGOSVM) and homology-based methods (Pair-ProSVM), as well as the functional-domain based method (GOASVM).

(2) 5.1 Performance of Pair-ProSVM
Table 5.1 shows the performance of different *SVMs using various features extracted from the protein sequences. (…)

(3) 5.2 Performance of GOASVM Method
(4) 5.2.1 Performance of Different GO Vector Construction Methods and Normalisation Methods
Table 5.4 shows the performance of the four GO vector construction methods without post-processing based on five-fold cross validation.(…)

*SVM support vector machine, AA amino acid, RBF radial basis function.
Adapted from: S. Wan, “Protein Subcellular Localization Protein Based on Gene Ontology and SVM”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2011.
Note: (…) indicates that parts of the text have been removed due to space constraints.

Paragraph Level Organisation

Background to the results by referring to the purpose and methods of the experiment.
Overview of preliminary results and/or expected results if none are available.
Statements to explain results shown in figures.
Substantiation and elaboration of the results, including any key variables.
Comments on the results.

Example 3

Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results and Analysis of a Civil and Environmental Engineering Confirmation Report. The extract has been divided into the key moves with some key phrases highlighted.

Move	Purpose of the move	Example
		4.4 Effect of initial solution pH
Background to results by referring to the significance of the experiment	*To place the results in the context of the overall aims of the study and help the reader understand the results or data.*	Solution pH is an important parameter influencing the efficiency of many AOPs. However, information regarding* the effect of pH on the performance of the combined US/UV process is scarce.
Statements to explain results shown in figures	*To integrate the figure into the text and explain what can be seen.*	Fig. 6 summarises the results of the sono-photolytic degradation of DMP at different initial pH values, in the range from 2.44 to 10.89. The solid data points in the inset of Fig. 6 depict* the overall removal of DMP after 60 minutes under various initial pH.
Substantiation of the results by giving more detail about what the results show	*To explain and support the key results and help the reader better understand the results obtained.*	The results show a systematic reduction in DMP degradation with increasing pH, except at pH 10.89. An investigation into the hydrolysis of DMP over the same pH range shows no hydrolysis effects except under the strong basic conditions at pH 10.89, where 31.8% of DMP was hydrolyzed in 60 min.
Statements to explain a variable in the experiment	*To describe variables in the experiment and the results obtained.*	By excluding the hydrolysis effect, the hollow data point shown in the inset of Fig. 6 is the net DMP removal by sono-photolysis which is consistent with the trend of decreasing DMP removal with increasing initial pH.
*AOP Advanced oxidation process, DMP dimethyl phthalate Adapted from: L. Xu, “Sono-photolytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate without catalyst: Analysis of the synergistic effect and modeling”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng. POLYU, Hong Kong.

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Read the extract below and use the colour palette to highlight the sentences which correspond to the moves in the table.

Move	Colour
Background to the results by referring to the purpose and methods of the experiment Reference to figure which shows key results Key results Writer’s comment about results	Yellow Green Purple Grey

The experiment was conducted to measure the hydrostatic pressure sensor of the proposed TC-PCF*. Fig. 3.1.2(a) shows the spectrum shift after the hydrostatic pressure was applied from 0MPa to 45MPa. When the TC-PCF was subjected to hydrostatic pressure, the anisotropic stress resulted in the geometrical deformation of the fused silica. The same experiment was repeated with the results of the second measurement agreeing with the first. This indicates that the TC-PCF pressure sensor has high repeatability, which is extremely important for practical applications.

*TC-PCF- twin core phototonic crystal fibre
Adapted from: Z. Liu, “Fabrication of novel optical fibres and their application”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong.

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The Preliminary Results and Analysis in a Confirmation Report should be written so that the reader can easily understand what has been found or is expected to be found in a precise way. This means that the terminology used must be accurate, and vague language or general terms that can cause confusion should be avoided. Further, when commenting on the results, the writer needs to ensure that the importance of the results are not overstated.

Verb Tense Use

Summary of Verb Tense Use for Preliminary Results and Analysis

Present Simple tense

to describe results obtained from algorithms tested with computers
to refer to tables and figures
to express the author’s observations on the results

Past Simple

to refer to the objectives of the study
to refer to the procedure in an experimental study
to present results obtained during the experimental work

Note: For algorithm-based studies tested with computers, the Present Simple is often used to report the results as the results are repeatable and do not change.

This is different from experimental studies involving materials which are reported in the Past Simple tense because the actions are completed and may not be the same if the study is replicated.

Example 1 – Past Simple tense use in an experimental study

Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results and Analysis of a Civil and Environmental Engineering Confirmation Report that shows an example of some of the key language features:

Click on the numbers in brackets to read a brief explanation of the use of Present Simple and Past Simple.

4.5 Sequential and simultaneous tests of *US and UV.
In order to examine the US/UV process in more detail and to confirm synergistic effects, *DMP reactivity (1) tests were conducted with the US and UV in series (in alternative order) and together. (2) Thus, DMP solutions were first irradiated with UV (or US) for 120 minutes, and then transferred to undergo US (or UV) irradiation for a further 120 minutes. (3) Figure 7 shows the results of the combined US/UV process. (4) A rapid DMP degradation was achieved by the combined US/UV process with an almost complete elimination of DMP (> 98%) in 120 minutes, while the corresponding removal values for the individual US and UV processes were only 53.9% and 15.4%, respectively.

*US ultrasound, DMP dimethyl phthalate
Adapted from: L. Xu, “Sono-photolytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate without catalyst: Analysis of the synergistic effect and modeling”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong.
Note: (…) indicates that parts of the text have been removed due to space constraints

Example 2- Present Simple tense use in an algorithm-based study

Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results and Analysis from a Computer Engineering Confirmation Report. The chapter is reporting the results obtained from an algorithm-based study and is written in the Present Simple tense. The main verbs have been highlighted.

To test the assumption that different feature sets are needed for different textual details, each textual detail is evaluated for classification performance and time cost of six default feature sets. (…) In both datasets, different features perform differently across textual details. Word unigram features are generally better for simple textual details, which is as expected because literal lexical information is often sufficient. For complicated and inferred textual details, meta-phrase features play a more important role as they either defeat word unigram features by themselves or mix with words to form more predicable feature sets.

Adapted from: R. Zhang, “Coherence-Based Text Summarization”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Comp., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2010.

Adding meaning to the results

It is important to remember that results are not self-explanatory and so the author needs to direct the reader as to their meaning and significance. Since the Preliminary Results and Analysis present the preliminary findings which the writer regards as being significant, the writer needs to use language that emphasizes or downplays the data.
The author should avoid merely reporting results without any indication of their meaning to avoid misinterpretation from the reader.

Table 1 – Using evaluative language to add meaning to results

Without clear indication of meaning

With indication of meaning

“the accuracy rate was 40%”

Note: There is no indication of whether this is a significant or unexpected result.

“the accuracy rate was 40%, significantly higher than expected”

Note: The use of significantly highlights the strength of the results

“the highest accuracy was 52%”

Note: There is no indication of whether this is a significant or unexpected result and could be interpreted as being a strong or weak result.

“the highest accuracy was only 52%” , or

Note: The use of “only” downplays the data.

“the highest accuracy reached 52%”

Note: The use of “reached” has a positive connotation.

“When the air jet velocity is low, a stable flame can be seen”

Note: There is no indication of how low the air jet velocity is to see the flame.

*When the air jet velocity is relatively low, a stable flame can be seen”

Note: The use of “relatively” gives a clearer indication of how low the air jet velocity is to see the flame.

“The LPG flow rate was reduced until the flame was extinguished.”

Note: There is no indication of how quickly the flame was reduced.

*The LPG flow rate was slowly reduced until the flame was extinguished.

Note: The use of “slowly” gives a clearer indication of how the flame was reduced.

* Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, Thermal and Emission Characteristics of Gas-fired Inverse Diffusion Flames Burning mixed LPG-Hydrogen Fuel”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015.

Table 2 – Tone and Style

Figure 4.9 shows that the normalized flame height shows correlation with GMR for both LPG IDF and H2 -LPG IDF.

Note: “Shows” is a neutral verb that does not indicate strong or weak interpretation.
There is no indication of how strong the correlation is.

*Figure 4.9 implies that the normalized flame height shows acceptable correlation with GMR for both LPG IDF and H2 -LPG IDF.

Note: The use of “implies” gives a clearer indication of the author’s cautious interpretation of the result and “acceptable” is more specific.

A reason for this situation is that when the interference of the air jet on the fuel jet is low, the flame is affected by buoyance force.

Note: There is no indication of how strongly the author believes this.

A possible reason for this situation is that when the interference of the air jet on the fuel jet is low, the flame is mainly affected by buoyance force.

Note: The use of “possibly” gives a clearer indication of the author’s cautious interpretation of the result and “mainly” downplays the effect.

Appropriate use of the word “detail” in academic writing

Many PhD candidates who speak English as a second language have problems using the word “detail” correctly in academic writing. One of the major reasons is that this word can be used as a noun as well as a verb. Another reason is that when used as a noun, this word is countable, but when it appears in set-phrases such as “in detail”, it can only be used in its singular form. Compare the three pairs of sentences below:

Wrong: The detail information will be provided in the methodology section.
Correct: Detailed information will be provided in the methodology section.

Wrong: It is important to provide sufficient detail of the new design.
Correct: It is important to provide sufficient details of the new design

Wrong: Scientists have explained this theory in details.
Correct: Scientists have explained this theory in detail.

Below are three general rules for using “detail” in its different forms.

When used in front of a noun, “detailed” (the past participle of detail) should be used, e.g. detailed information, detailed description;
When used as a noun (modified by an adjective or noun), the plural form, “details”, is more commonly used.
e.g. details of the project will be described in Chapter 2.
e.g. sufficient details, technical details
When used in set-phrases such as “in detail”, the singular form of the noun should be used.
e.g. The experiment procedure will be explained in detail.

The table below shows more examples.

Word	Examples
Detail Used as noun	Details of the experiment will be described in the coming chapter. Figure 3 shows details of the results.
Detail Used as verb	Figure 2 details the results from the experiment. Detailed information about the main trends can be seen in Figure 2.
In detail Used in set-phrase	The results were examined in detail to identify the main trends.
Definitions adapted from: The New Oxford Dictionary of English.

Overuse of the verb “work” in the Preliminary Results and Analysis

In the Preliminary Results and Analysis some novice authors use the word “work” inappropriately. This problem is evident in the following two aspects:

“work” as a noun

When used as a noun, this word can be used to describe different tasks or activities which means that the meaning is not always clear. To avoid ambiguity, the author should consider using more specific vocabulary which expresses the meaning more clearly.

Look at the sentence below:

In this work, regression models from different decision trees are averaged.

The meaning of “work” is not very clear. The sentence can be better written as follows:

In this study (or research, analysis), regression models from different decision trees are averaged. Or
In this stage of the study (or analysis), regression models from different decision trees are averaged.

“work” as a verb

Some novice authors use verb phrases such as “work out”, “work on” and “work at” when discussing the findings of a study. Experienced authors do not use these phrases in academic writing because they are informal and more commonly used in oral English.

Look at the sentence below.

Several methods to stabilize premixed flames were worked out.

Although this sentence is grammatically correct, its tone is not academic. It can be better written as follows:

Several methods to stabilize premixed flames were tested and the results were analysed.

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Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results of a Mechanical Engineering Confirmation Report about the effect of the addition of hydrogen to LPG flames for use in an inverse diffusion flame burner.
The main verbs have been written in the infinitive, highlighted and numbered.
Click on the verbs and write the correct tense.

Chapter 4 Preliminary Results
4.1 Flame Stability
Since *IDFs (1) (to do) not have burning velocity, the flame stability range of IDF (2) (to be) a very important character in IDF application and simulation. Twelve sets of experiment (3) (to be conducted) under *Re varied from 500 to 7000 to investigate the lowest *LPG required for stable flame.
During the experiment, the air jet flow rate (4) (to be fixed), and then the *LPG flow rate (5) (to be reduced) slowly reduced until the flame (6) (to be extinguished). The operation (7) (to be repeated) to ensure data accuracy.
Figure 4-1 (8) (to show) the LPG IDF stability range regarding Re and fuel flow velocity. The lower limit of the fuel jet velocity exponentially (9) (to ascend) with Re. The required flow velocity (10) (to grow) steeply when Re (11) (to be) larger than 5000.
The result (12) (to show) there (13) (to be) a relationship between air jet velocity and lower limit of flue jet velocity.

*inverse diffusion flames (IDF), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), Reynolds (Re)
Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, Thermal and Emission Characteristics of Gas-fired Inverse Diffusion Flames Burning mixed LPG-Hydrogen Fuel”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015.

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Below is an extract from the Preliminary Results and Analysis from a Computing Confirmation Report which contains examples of evaluative language to add meaning to the results.

Note that the Present Simple tense has been used to report the results as this is an algorithm-based study.

Complete the text by selecting the correct vocabulary for each numbered choice.

As expected, the CC and MKM reordered extracts demonstrate (1) local coherence improvement (2) the baselines, with percentage gain up to 40.26% (CC-L for D2k). In most categories, the improvement is statistically (3), especially for CC-G and CC-L. This (4) the textually ordered baselines are not locally coherent in all news categories.

The CC versions (5) score the highest in all categories, showing that the graph algorithm is (6) for enhancing local coherence. Moreover, the local coherence-biased CC-L is the top scorer with (7) over the baseline in all categories. By comparison, the MKM versions (8) CC versions in boosting local coherence and there is no difference between the MKM-G and MKM-L scores in all categories. This (9) clustering has produced groups of (10) coherent sentences, for which a second-level local coherence tuning is wasteful.

* CC connected components, MKM modified K-means
Adapted from: R. Zhang, “Coherence-Based Text Summarization”. PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Comp., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2010.

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The Preliminary Results and Analysis chapter reports findings and provides analysis of the results. Words such as “results” and “show” are often used to fulfil this communication function. However, it is important to avoid using the same word repeatedly as this can negatively affect the writing style. Using synonyms and alternative grammatical structures can way to deal with the problem.

The modified extract below is taken from an Electronic and Information Engineering Confirmation Report which contains repetition of two common reporting verbs “show” and suggest”.

Use the space below the text to write an alternative for each word or phrase in bold.

5.2.1 Performance of different GO vector construction methods and normalization methods
Table 5.4 (1) shows the performance of the four GO vectors construction methods without post-processing based on five-fold cross validation using Chou’s training dataset. Linear SVMs were used in all cases, and the penalty factor was set to 1. (2) The results show that term-frequency (TF) performs almost 2% better than the other three methods, which (3) show that the frequency of occurrence of GO terms could also provide information for subcellular locations. (…)The results also (4) suggest that inverse sequence frequency (ISF) is detrimental to classification performance, despite its proven effectiveness in the field of document retrieval. (5) We suggest that this is because ISF could only take effect when at least most of the sequences have some identical GO terms but actually the occurrences of GO terms in different proteins are not so frequent. (6) The results show that even for the most frequently appearing GO term, less than ¼ (around 600) protein sequences have this GO term.

Adapted from: S. Wan, “Protein Subcellular Localization Protein Based on Gene Ontology and SVM”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2011.

Write your answer here

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

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The sentences below contain either detail, details, detailed and in detail.

Click on the correct choice to complete each sentence.

(1) information in Table 1, shows that 380V DC and 400/230V AC systems have the highest efficiency.
The circuit topology and system operation are described (2) as follows.
(3) of the operation principle of the second type of switch are described in the following section.
This section will not give a (4) account about the implications as they will be discussed in the next section.
Magnetic development and stability for high frequency AC distribution will be examined in more (5) during the research period.
A (6) plan of future work shows the schedule for completing tasks.
Figure 3 shows (7) of the simulation experiments.
Table 3 (8) about the key data obtained during the experiment.

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Read the sentences below and consider how to improve them by substituting the noun and verb forms of “work” or phrasal verbs containing “work” with more specific vocabulary.

Results from our work show that the proposed dual MMSE estimator scheme is a fast approach.
The advantage of the LSA approach is that no domain knowledge or corpus resource is needed in order to work out the topics represented in word-sentence matrices.
To balance the training effectiveness and the training time, we chose λ=0.7 in the work.
The experimental work shows good agreement with the predicted pressure of Xiao’s work.
The proposed algorithms work for processing the texts for both J1K and D2K datasets of news articles.
I worked on event-enriched VSM to lay the foundation for enhancing event continuity.

Adapted from: J. J. Huang, “On Object Recognition and Quality Inspection for Video Surveillance Systems”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Elec. and Inf. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong.

Adapted from: R. Zhang, “Coherence-Based Text Summarization”. PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Comp., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2010.

Adapted from: J. Miao, “Combustion, Thermal and Emission Characteristics of Gas-fired Inverse Diffusion Flames Burning mixed LPG-Hydrogen Fuel”, PhD confirmation report, Dept. of Mech. Eng., POLYU, Hong Kong, 2015.

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Abstract >> Introduction >> Literature review >> Methodology >> Results >> Significance & Implications >> Future Plan

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Example	Purpose
5.2 Performance of GOASVM Method 5.2.1 Performance of Different GO Vector Construction Methods and Normalization Methods	Heading and sub-heading to denote area of study
Table 5.4 shows the performance of the four GO vectors construction methods without post-processing based on five-fold cross validation using Chou’s training data set.	Reference to table which shows key results
The results show that term-frequency (TF) performs almost 2% better than the other three methods, which demonstrates that the frequencies of occurrences of GO terms could also provide information for subcellular locations.	Overview of key results with comments on the results
The results are also biologically relevant because proteins of the same subcellular localization are expected to have a similar number of occurrences of the same GO term. In this regard, the 1-0 value approach is inferior because it quantizes the number of occurrences of a GO term to 1. The results also suggest that inverse sequence frequency (ISF) is detrimental to classification performance, despite its proven effectiveness in the field of document retrieval.	Additional comment on results with comparison of different approaches
This is very likely because ISF could only take effect when at least most of the sequences have some identical GO terms but actually the occurrences of GO terms in proteins are not so frequent.	Writer’s initial explanation of results from ISF approach
Table 5.5 shows the performance of applying these post-processing methods to the GO vectors constructed by four different methods. The results demonstrate that applying the post-processing can improve performance except for the TF-constructed GO vectors.	Reference to table with comments on what the results mean